Background: Stress is a migraine trigger. Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator between stress and disease is one of the factors affecting the symptoms of migraine. Purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety sensitivity in patients with migraine.Methods: In this semi experimental study, 36 patients with migraine were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Patients of experimental group received EMDR therapy, 3 sessions of 90 minutes within three weeks. Control group did not receive any medical or psychological intervention. Participants in both groups were evaluated with Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory- Revised (ASI-R) during pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up.Findings: The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing reduces anxiety sensitivity (P<0.05) in patients.Conclusion: The results suggest that EMDR can be considered as one of the therapies for migraine headaches.

Background & Objectives: The parent-child relationship is one of the most important components of social life and plays an essential role in children's mental health. Unlike a safe child, who can count on the accountability of the caregiver, an unsafe child must deal with the constant need for the caregiver and cope with the continued failure and unbalanced behavior of this person. Insecure children should constantly be concerned about their caring location, as they cannot count on availability when needed. Because of the possible inaccessibility of these caregivers, unsafe children live with a constant fear of being left alone. The fear of separation and abandonment is transferred to the postnatal period, as the fear of loneliness persists when the need for comfort or support continues throughout childhood and adulthood. Desensitization and Reprocessing with eye movements can help to improve children's reactive attachment disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of desensitization and Reprocessing methods through eye movements on symptoms of reactive attachment disorder in children aged 8-12 years. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with two groups in this study. The statistical population consisted of all students of 8-12 years with reactive attachment disorder in the academic year of 2019 in districts 1, 3, and 22 of Tehran who had expressed a desire in calling through cyberspace. Sixteen eligible volunteer children were included in the study and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups among the mentioned population. The number of samples was calculated based on similar studies considering the effect size of 0. 40, the confidence level of 0. 95, the test power of 0. 80 and the loss rate of 10% for each group of 8 persons. In the experimental group, desensitization and Reprocessing methods were performed by eye movements of 8 students, and in the control group, eight students were placed. Inclusion criteria included age between 8 and 12 years, score higher than 30 in Randolph attachment disorder questionnaire and exclusion criteria, physical, sensory, and motor problems, lack of proper cooperation in regular participation in meetings or doing exercises at home. The intervention was presented as desensitization and Reprocessing with eye movements every week. Participants completed the attachment disorder questionnaire (Randolph, 2000), Achenbach behavioral log (Achenbach, 2000), and Wisconsin card classification test (Grant & Berg, 1948) and follow-up period three months later. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using repeated variance analysis. The significance level of the tests in this study was considered 0. 05. Results: The results showed that desensitization and Reprocessing training through eye movements significantly reduced antisocial behaviors (effect of group: p<0. 001, time effect: p<0. 001, time effect*Group: p<0. 001), impulsivity (group effect: p<0. 001,time effect: p<0. 001,time effect*Group: p<0. 001), and bullying (group effect p<0. 001, Time effect: p<0. 001, time effect*Group: p<0. 001) in the experimental group was post-tested and followed up, but the scores of antisocial behavior, impulsivity and bullying were not changed in the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of desensitization and Reprocessing approach with eye movement can be effective in reducing the symptoms of reactive attachment disorder and can be used as a therapeutic intervention tailored to the child's condition.

Background & aim: Managing pain and mental distress in cancer patients is one of the main priorities of care. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate the effect of desensitization with eye movements and Reprocessing on pain intensity in cancer patients with 24-month follow-up. Methods: The present clinical trial study was conducted on cancer patients suffering from pain at Shahid Jalil Hospital, Yasuj, in 2019. A total of 60 patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control based on the allocation of random blocks and in parallel. In the intervention group, the technique of desensitization with eye movements and Reprocessing in 7 one-hour sessions daily (one session per day) was held individually in the counseling room. In the control group, no intervention was performed by the researcher and they received only routine hospital treatment and care. The severity of pain and mental distress of patients before the intervention, after the intervention and at 24-month follow-up in both groups was measured by the pain rating scale and the mental distress scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, independent t-test and analysis of variance using SPSS 24 software. Results: Analysis of variance with repeated measures disclosed that the mean pain intensity in the intervention group, before, after the intervention and at 24-month follow-up were 0. 73±, 9. 46, 1. 51±, 3/03 and 1. 23±, 5. 66 respectively which had a statistically significant decrease (p<0. 0001). Moreover, mental distress in patients in the intervention group before and after the intervention, and at 24-month follow-up, respectively,0. 56±, 9. 76, 1. 52±, 3. 26 and 1. 62±, 6. 61 which had a statistically significant decrease(p<0. 0001). In the control group, using repeated measures analysis of variance, the mean pain intensity and mental distress before, after, and 24-month follow-up were not statistically significant(p> 0. 05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the method of desensitization with eye movements and Reprocessing was effective in reducing pain in cancer patients and its effect was still lasting after 24 months of follow-up. Therefore, it is recommended to use this new and effective method in reducing pain in cancer patients.

Background: The phenomenon of female-headed households is a social reality that has different reasons and is found in all societies. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on emotional expression and somatic symptoms among female-headed households. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-post-test control group design and follow-up. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female-headed households in Tehran, Iran, in 2019, among whom 36 cases were selected using the convenience sampling method. The samples were divided into 3 groups (n=12 each), including the group treated with EMDR, the group treated with ACT, and the control group (awaiting treatment). The required data were obtained using the Emotional Expression Questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using repeated variance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The results showed that EMDR and ACT were effective in emotional expression (P<0. 01) and physical symptoms (P<0. 01) among female-headed households. Conclusion: It can be concluded that EMDR and ACT were effective on emotional expression and physical symptoms in femaleheaded households and these two treatments can be used to improve the problems of female-headed households.

Background & Objectives: Divorce is one of the most stressful events in life. The divorce experience can affect the compatibility of couples and their children in all psychological, physical, social and emotional dimensions and reduces the performance and efficiency of family members after divorce. The experience of depression and anxiety after divorce is one of the most common experiences of divorced people that directly and in the long–, term affects a person's life. Studies show that psychotherapy can improve the outcomes of divorced women. One of these treatments is regular desensitization with eye movements and Reprocessing. The basis of the treatment of desensitization with eye movements is to draw the patient's attention to an external stimulus while simultaneously focusing on the accident,the effect of eye movement in this treatment method impairs functional memory and reduces the amount of excitement associated with it by reducing sharpness. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of regular desensitization with eye movements and Reprocessing on psychological stress (anxiety and depression) in divorced women. Methods: The method of this research was quasi–, experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. Among all divorced women referring to counseling and psychological services in District 10 of Tehran, Iran from September 2018 to March 2019, 30 eligible volunteers were selected by the available sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 experimental and control. The criteria for women to enter the research were as follows: at least six months have passed since their divorce, being literate in reading and writing, age range between 20 and 50 years, not using medication, counseling and psychological services during treatment sessions, willingness and informed consent to participate in the research project. The criteria for women to leave the research were illiteracy, use of psychiatric drugs and simultaneous use of counseling and psychological services during treatment sessions, involvement in a new emotional relationship, absence of more than two sessions from therapy sessions, and non–, cooperation in the process of training sessions. To collect the information in the pretest and posttest stages, Psychological Disorders Symptoms Checklist (SCL–, 90) (Derogatis, 1983) was used. For the experimental group, desensitization intervention with eye movements and Reprocessing according to Shapiro's protocol (2014) was performed in 6 sessions of 60 minutes, but the control group did not receive training. To statistically analyze the data, SPSS version 22 software was used on two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation were used, and at the level of inferential statistics, The Chi–, square test, independent t test and multivariate covariance analysis were used. The significance level was set at 0. 05. Results: The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest scores, in the posttest, the mean scores of anxiety (p<0. 001) and depression (p<0. 001) in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the regular desensitization method with eye movements and Reprocessing are effective in reducing anxiety and depression in divorced women. Therefore, the mentioned treatment should be used as a complementary treatment in solving the psychological problems of divorced women.

A variety of nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes have role in eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) processes. The eye movement is done simultaneously for attracting client's attention to an external stimulus while concentrating on a certain internal subject. eye movement guided by therapist is the most common attention stimulus. The role of eye movement has been documented previously in relation with cognitive processing mechanisms. A series of systemic experiments have shown that the eyes’ spontaneous movement is associated with emotional and cognitive changes and results in decreased excitement, flexibility in attention, memory processing, and enhanced semantic recalling. eye movement also decreases the memory's image clarity and the accompanying excitement. By using EMDR, we can reach some parts of memory which were inaccessible before and also emotionally intolerable.Various researches emphasize on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating and curing phobias, pains, and dependent personality disorders. Consequently, due to the involvement of multiple neural system components, this palliative method of treatment can also help to rehabilitate the neuro-cognitive system.

Background: Anxiety after myocardial infarction is a very common problem leading to an increase in complications and hospitalization length.Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate a 12-month follow-up of the effect of eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety levels in myocardial patients.Materials and Methods: This study was a clinical trial study. Sixty myocardial patients were selected using convenience random sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=30) received EMDR in two 45 - 90 sessions. No treatment was given to the control group (n=30). The instrument for collecting data in this study was the Beck anxiety inventory which was completed in both groups in three steps: before and after intervention, and at the end of a 12-month follow-up period.Results: The findings collected during the 12-month follow-up indicated that EMDR was effective for treating anxiety in myocardial patients.Conclusions: EMDR is an effective tool for curing or decreasing the level of anxiety in myocardial patients.

Introduction: Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic diseases in the world and especially in our country. For many reasons, including chronic disease, health care costs, fear of early death and disease statues led to anxiety. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing method on decreasing the anxiety of thalassemic adolescent.Methods: This study was a clinical trial.60 thalassemic adolescent between 20-12 years old were randomly assigned to two groups. Demographic questionnaire and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to collection of data. In three sessions, the eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing method were used in intervention group every other day for 45 to 30 minutes in each session. In control group no action were taken. For analysis of the obtained data, descriptive statistics, t-test, paired t-test, nonparametric tests and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used.Results: the results showed that the average level of anxiety of thalassemic adolescent before implementing of EMDR therapy in intervening group was 34.73±5.62 which after EMDR therapy changed to 19.90 ± 2.48. It shows an obvious reducing of anxiety compared to pre-intervention and the results were statistically significant (P0<001). Besides, the results showed that EMDR was effective on decreasing the symptoms of anxiety in thalassemic adolescent Conclusion: The current study showed that EMDR can be useful through having the influence on memory integration and it is an effective method for treat or reduce anxiety among thalassemic adolescent.